Parenteral formulations

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to parenteral cannabinoid formulations, and more particularly to cannabinoid containing intravenous (IV) formulations. Preferably the parenteral containing formulation comprises a cannabinoid; an isotonic agent; a surfactant; and one or more stability enhancers. Furthermore the cannabinoid may be selected from one or more of cannabichromene (CBC), cannabichromenic acid (CBCV), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabidivarin (CBDV), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabigerol propyl variant (CBGV), cannabicyclol (CBL), cannabinol (CBN), cannabinol propyl variant (CBNV), cannabitriol (CBO), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) and tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid (THCVA).

The present invention relates to parenteral formulations, and more particularly to cannabinoid containing intravenous (IV) formulations.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

Parenteral formulations, also called injectable formulations, may be used to deliver a drug intravenously, subcutaneously, or intramuscularly. The drug may be formulated as a liquid or it may be lyophilized.

When looking to solubilize an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) together with excipients to produce an injectable formulation, a formulation chemist would generally follow a structured approach, as set out by e.g. Strickley, Pharmaceutical Research, Vol 21, No 2, 2004 (Table VIII). Thus, depending on the solubility of the API, the skilled person would first look at simple aqueous isotonic solutions and progresses through more complex approaches using: pH control, the addition of co-solvents, the use of pH adjustment in combination with co-solvents, complexation; organic solvent/surfactant combinations for dilution with an aqueous diluent to an oil in water emulsion and ultimately, the use of liposomes.

Thus, an ideal immediate release injectable formulation is aqueous and isotonic with physiological fluids such as saline, dextrose (5%) or lactated Ringer's with a pH of 7.

Where the API is not soluble, the skilled formulation chemist, as outlined above, would look to increase solubility through pH change and/or adding a co-solvent. Typical organic solvents used in IV formulations include ethanol, dimethylacetamide (DMA), glycerin, polyethylene glycol (PEG 300) and propylene glycol. The combination of both pH modification and co-solvent is a very powerful solubilization strategy, and if a drug is not solubilized using such an approach the next step would be to use complexing agents, such as, cyclodextrins. If this doesn't work the drug is considered “challenging” whereupon surfactants are used. Typical surfactants for intravenous infusion formulations include polyethoxylated castor oil e.g. Cremophor EL, PEG-60 Hydrogenated Castor Oil e.g. Cremophor RH60 and polyoxyethylene-sorbitan-20 mono-oleate e.g. Polysorbate 80. When this fails, oil in water emulsions or liposomes are usually the last option. Oil in water emulsions are however rarely used in commercial products.

Cannabinoids are highly lipophilic with the consequence that delivering them efficiently is challenging.

They include cannabichromene (CBC), cannabichromenic acid (CBCV), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabidivarin (CBDV), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabigerol propyl variant (CBGV), cannabicyclol (CBL), cannabinol (CBN), cannabinol propyl variant (CBNV), cannabitriol (CBO), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) and tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid (THCVA). This list is not exhaustive and merely details the cannabinoids which are identified in the present application for reference. So far, over 100 different phytocannabinoids have been identified and these cannabinoids can be split into different groups as follows: Phytocannabinoids; Endocannabinoids; and Synthetic cannabinoids.

Approved cannabinoid containing medicines have to date been delivered orally e.g. Nabilone and Dronabinol, or via the oromucosal route e.g. Nabiximols.

IV formulations of cannabinoids have of course been prepared for research purposes, where they can be manufactured for immediate use, but such formulations are not suitable for use as medicines due to e.g. poor stability.

Parenteral formulations of Marijuana constituents are disclosed in the Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol 61, No 7, 1106-1112 1972 (incorporated by reference). This document discloses emulsions for parenteral use consisting of (i) sesame oil (10-15%) plus Polysorbate 80 (0.4-1%) in saline containing up to 4% tetrahydrocannabinol or (ii) sesame oil (5-10%), plus polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) (4-5%) containing approximately 1% cannabinoid. The document notes that the ratio of emulsifier to cannabinoid proved critical to obtain stable emulsions. The document teaches that aqueous cannabinoid containing systems for parenteral administration must incorporate some type of emulsifier and states the limitations (in formulating cannabinoids) falls into three categories:

-   -   (a) The low concentration of cannabinoid achieved dictates the         volume of formulation that must be given;     -   (b) The concentration of emulsifier, and number of treatments,         introduce the hazard of vehicle toxicity; and     -   (c) The lability of the formulation may require frequent         preparation of the injectable.

The document goes on to comment on each of these limitations.

More specifically (Table 1 therein) shows the solubility of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in a range of solvents, with solubility ranging from 1 g/ml in ethanol to 0.28 g/ml in Polysorbate 80 (a paste).

With reference to the emulsion characteristics, various solvent/emulsifier/diluent combinations were examined. The studies (Table 2 therein) demonstrated that “small” quantities of solubilizer or emulsifier provided stable emulsions, whereas e.g. “relatively high” concentrations of cannabinoid with 10% Polysorbate 80 yielded emulsions which were stable only for a few minutes. It is further stated that small quantities of organic solvents failed to provide suitable cannabinoid suspensions (e.g. propylene glycol and glycerol formed a 2 phase system upon dilution with saline) and the most successful emulsions comprised stock solutions (1 ml) of cannabinoid in sesame oil (100-400 mg/ml) to which Polysorbate 80 and 8-9 ml of isotonic saline were added and emulsified by sonication. Other useable emulsions were obtained with cannabinoid in sesame oil and 5-10% Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or 1% polyoxalene (stable for 3-6 hours).

The discussion section included a review of various IV formulations used in animal studies. These included sesame oil-saline; propylene glycol; Polysorbate-saline; polyethylene glycol 300 and 10% PVP-saline.

The conclusions were that suspending agents like Polysorbate offered useful aqueous systems, but species sensitivity presented a formidable difficulty, whereas emulsions with natural oils and emulsifiers afford a good approach to injectables for chronic studies.

WO 2016/147186 discloses cannabis based emulsion formulations. It takes a cannabinoid containing oily phase comprising phospholipids and mixes this phase with a water phase, comprising glycerol to form a pre-emulsion which is microfluidised to form a micro-emulsion. The micro-emulsion can be administered by a range of routes including intranasal, transdermal, intravenous, oral, and topical. In contrast, the parenteral formulation of the present invention does not comprise phospholipids and are based on the selection of the given surfactant and isotonic agent together with a stability enhancer.

US 2007/0060638 discloses combination therapies of a cannabinoid receptor agonist and antagonist. It teaches the therapeutic compound may be administered parenterally mentioning dispersions can be prepared in, for example, glycerol, polyethylene glycol and mixtures thereof.

US 2013/0209483 teaches the use of CBD containing pharmaceutical compositions. Amongst many formulations disclosed are injectable formulations. The document teaches using sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and mentions a number of suitable carriers.

WO 2008/144475 relates to CBD derivatives for treating cancer. It makes reference to various routes of administration, including parenteral. It further mentions the use of various solvents, isotonicity agents, antioxidants and chelating agents.

WO 2008/019146 discloses aqueous dronabinol containing formulations. The formulations are for delivery by a range of techniques. They include on or more co-solvents, typically organic co-solvents such as ethanol or polyethylene glycol, solubilizing agents may be included as may a range of other components including surfactants, antioxidants and isotonicity agents.

The formulation of injectable cannabinoid formulations therefore presents a major challenge to the skilled person. Achieving good solubility, low toxicity and stability cannot be underestimated.

Despite this, the Applicant has developed a stable (non-oil based) aqueous parental cannabinoid containing formulation using surfactants which contain the desired cannabinoid in amounts enabling effective subject dosing in combination with one or more stability enhancers. The stability enhancers include one or more antioxidant(s) and chelating agent(s).

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention there is provided an aqueous parenteral cannabinoid containing formulation comprising:

-   -   (i) a cannabinoid;     -   (ii) an isotonic agent;     -   (iii) a surfactant; and     -   (iv) one or more stability enhancers.

Preferably the cannabinoid is selected from cannabichromene (CBC), cannabichromenic acid (CBCV), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabidivarin (CBDV), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabigerol propyl variant (CBGV), cannabicyclol (CBL), cannabinol (CBN), cannabinol propyl variant (CBNV), cannabitriol (CBO), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) and tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid (THCVA).

More preferably still the cannabinoid is CBD or CBDV.

It may be a highly purified natural compound or a synthetically manufactured compound with a purity of greater than 98%, and more preferably still greater than 99%

For CBD or CBDV, the cannabinoid may be present in the formulation in an amount of from 0.3 to 50 mg/ml, preferably 0.5 to 20 mg/ml, more preferably 1 to 7 mg/ml, and most preferably 3 to 5 mg/ml.

Preferably the isotonic agent is selected from: polyethylene glycol, glycerol, saline, and glucose and are used in amounts to provide an osmolality in the range of, 100-500 mOsMol/Kg, more preferably still, 200-400 mOsMol/Kg, more preferably still 285-310 mOsMol/Kg, and most preferably about 300 OsMol/Kg.

Most preferably the isotonic agent is glycerol and is present in an amount of 5 to 50 mg/ml, more preferably 10-30 mg/ml, and most preferably 20 mg/ml.

If the product is to be freeze dried then a bulking agent such as, mannitol, sucrose, and trehalose may be added.

The preferred surfactant is a non-ionic surfactant. Most preferred are (i) Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate, also called Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80), (ii) Macrogol 15 hydroxystearate which is a mixture of mainly mono esters and di esters of 12-hydroxystearic acid and macrogols obtained by the ethoxylation of 12-hydroxystearic acid. The number of moles of ethylene oxide reacted per mole of 12-hydroxystearic acid is 15. Proprietary versions include Solutol HS15, Crodasol HS and Kolliphor HS 15 and (iii) Polyoxamers which are triblock co-polymers of a central hydrophobic chain of polyoxypropylene flanked by two hydrophilic chains of polyoxyethylene. Proprietary brands include Pluronics.

PVP (K12 or K17) may also be used as a solubiliser.

A most preferred surfactant is Macrogol 15 hydroxystearate (Kolliphor HS15). This may be used in an amount of from 5 to 500 mg/ml, more preferably 10 to 100 mg/ml, and most preferably at about 50 mg/ml.

Preferred stability enhancers comprise one or more antioxidants selected from ascorbic acid, monothioglycerol, cysteine HCl and Glutathione.

Particularly preferred is ascorbic acid which may be used in amounts of from 0.5 to 10 mg/ml, more preferably 1 to 5 mg/ml, and most preferably about 2 mg/ml.

Alternatively, monothioglycerol may be used, also in an amount of from 0.5 to 10 mg/ml, more preferably 1 to 5 mg/ml, and most preferably about 2 mg/ml.

It is most preferable to use monothioglycerol and ascorbic acid in combination in the amounts indicated above for each anti-oxidant.

Preferably the stability enhancers comprise, in addition to antioxidants, a chelating agent from disodium EDTA and calcium disodium EDTA. These are preferably used in amounts of from 0.1 to 10 mg/ml, more preferably 0.5 to 5 mg/ml, and most preferably about 1 mg/ml.

Preferably the formulation has a pH between 3 and 6, most preferably about 4.

The formulation may take the form of a bolus formulation or an infusion formulation which may be diluted in use with, for example an isotonic glucose solution.

The preferred formulations preferably provide a shelf life of at least 12 months without refrigeration, more preferably 18 months without refrigeration and most preferably still 24 months without refrigeration.

The preferred formulations are most preferably stable in climatic zones I and II for up to 18 months at 25° C., and stable in climatic zones III and IV for up to 12 months at 30° C.

The formulation may be packaged for use in a vial, ampule, syringe, infusion bag or other container.

The formulation should be sterile and may be sterilised by filtration.

The term “about” is defined according to the invention as meaning plus or minus 10% of the amount stated.

According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of preparing an aqueous parenteral cannabinoid according to the invention comprising preparing a stock solution of a cannabinoid in a surfactant; preparing an aqueous solution comprising the isotonic agent and one or more stability enhancers; and slowly adding the aqueous solution to the stock solution of the cannabinoid in the surfactant.

Preferably the cannabinoid is CBD or CBDV, the surfactant is macrogol 15 hydroxystearate, the isotonic agent comprises glycerol, and the stability enhancers are ascorbic acid, monothioglycerol and calcium disodium EDTA.

Preferably the Macrogol 15 hydroxystearate is heated to about 40° C., and CBD or CBDV is added at about 60° C.; the water is sparged with nitrogen, heated to about 60° C. and glycerol, monothioglycerol, EDTA and ascorbic acid added; and then the resulting aqueous solution is slowly added to the solution of CBD or CBDV in Macrogol 15 hydroxystearate.

The resulting formulation is sterilized by filtration and the formulation is aseptically filled into a vial, ampule, syringe, infusion bag or other container.

This may be performed in a 4-glove general purpose filling isolator under nitrogen.

In accordance with a third aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of treating a subject comprising administering an aqueous parenteral cannabinoid formulation according to the invention.

Preferably the aqueous parenteral cannabinoid formulation is delivered by injection. Preferably the subject is a human.

The aqueous parenteral cannabinoid formulation is for use as a rescue formulation. Preferably the rescue medication is for use as a neuroprotectant or anti-convulsive.

The rescue medication may be used to treat newborn hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (NHIE), status epilepticus or stroke.

In a fourth aspect of the present invention there is provided an aqueous parenteral cannabinoid formulation according to the invention for use in the treatment of conditions requiring the administration of a neuroprotectant or anti-convulsive medication.

Preferably the aqueous parenteral cannabinoid formulation is used in the treatment of newborn hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (NHIE), status epilepticus or stroke.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the invention are further described hereinafter with reference to the following Examples and experiments. Initial investigations focused on CBD as a model cannabinoid and assessed a range of solvents or diluents alone or in combination with surfactants.

The solvents/diluents/surfactants investigated in a solubility screening study are set out in Table 1 below:

TABLE 1 Excipient t-butyl alcohol (≤99%) Ethanol (99.8%) Glycerol (99.0-100%) Glucose (99.5%) Mannitol (Pearlitol PF) Macrogol 15 Hydroxystearate Solutol HS15 (Kolliphor HS15) Macrogol 15 Hydroxystearate, Super refined Crodasol HS HP-SO-(MH) PEG 400 (GPR RECTAPUR) Povidone K12 (PF) Povidone K17 (PF) Sodium Chloride (GPR RECTAPUR) Sucrose (≤99.5%) Synperonic PE/F68 Flakes, super refined Trehalose (≤99%) Tween 80-LQ-(Cqq), super refined

The methodology for the solubility screening was as follows:

Solubility Screening

8 mg of API (CBD) was weighed into a 2 ml clear glass vial and 0.5 or 1 ml of solution was added. All the vials were sonicated tor 5 minutes and then left on a roller mixer, mixing for 48 hours. The roller mixer was covered with aluminium foil to prevent light exposure.

After 24 hours, the vials which showed good API solubility visually (i.e. no solid seen) had more API added and this process was repeated until the samples were saturated or ceased, if saturation condition could not be met after adding a substantial amount of API.

After 48 hours, all samples were centrifuged, and the supernatants taken (250 or 500 μL) using a Gilson pipette and added into a 10 ml volume flask. Methanol was used to make up the volume and the samples were tested by HPLC. Sample numbers 5, 9 and 10 were assayed using visual observation as the amount of API that could be added was so high.

The assay results are shown in Table 2 below:

TABLE 2 Sample No. Sample ID ASSAY CBD (mg/ml)  1 ETOH (0.5% v/v) 0.0496  2 ETOH (1% v/v) 0.0426  3 ETOH (3% v/v) 0.0054  4 ETOH (5% v/v) 0.0244  5* ETOH (100% v/v) >1000  6 PEG400 (5% v/v) 0.1596  7 PEG400 (15% v/v) 0.1946  8 PEG400 (25% v/v) 0.1617  9* PEG400 (100% v/v) >400 10* t-butyl alcohol (TBA), (100% v/v) >600 11 Glycerol (10% v/v) 0.0029 12 Glycerol (20% v/v) 0.0437 13 Glycerol (40% v/v) 0.0859 14** Glycerol (100% v/v) — 15 Saline (0.45% w/v) 0.0021 16 Saline (0.9% w/v) 0.0551 17 Glucose (5% w/v) 0.0008 18 Glucose (10% w/v) 0.2379 19 Mannitol (5% w/v) 0.0009 20 Mannitol (10% w/v) 0.0148 21 Sucrose (5% w/v) 0.0202 22 Sucrose (10% w/v) 0.0822 23 Trehalose (10% w/v) 0.0124 24 Trehalose (5% w/v) 0.0600 25 Polysorbate 80 (0.5% w/v) 3.2600 26 Polysorbate 80 (1% w/v) 6.0415 27 Polysorbate 80 (3% w/v) 22.9779 28 Polysorbate 80 (5% w/v) 30.6529 29 Crodosal HS (0.5% w/v) 2.6529 30 Crodosal HS (1% w/v) 5.4462 31 Crodosal HS (2% w/v) 5.0344 32 Crodosal HS (3% w/v) 6.3465 33 Crodosal HS (4% w/v) 7.5569 34 Crodosal HS (5% w/v) 7.9983 35 Pluronic F68 (1% w/v) 0.1403 36 Pluronic F68 (2% w/v) 0.5209 37 Pluronic F68 (3% w/v) 0.5042 38 Pluronic F68 (5% w/v) 1.0654 39 PVP K12 (1% w/v) 0.0615 40*** PVP K12 (2% w/v) 0.1746 41 PVP K12 (3% w/v) 0.0639 42 PVP K12 (5% w/v) 0.0157 43 PVP K17 (1% w/v) 0.0031 44 PVP K17 (2% w/v) 0.0433 45 PVP K17 (3% w/v) 0.0409 46 PVP K17 (5% w/v) 0.2360 *Solubility data acquired by visual observation (all the others were acquired by HPLC). **Sample not tested because of sampling problem. ***High assay result probably due to sampling problem.

According to the solubility results, ethanol (100%), PEG400 (100%) and TBA (100%) showed the highest solubility for CBD. Polysorbate 80 (Tween) and Crodosal HS, at all concentrations tested, also showed better solubility compared to the other solutions tested. The use of Pluronic F68 also gave solubility improvement to CBD to a limited extent. The solubility of CBD in solutions containing different bulking agents such as sucrose, mannitol and trehalose was also investigated. Very limited solubility improvement was noticed. Saline (0.45% and 0.9%) and Glucose (G5 and G10) solutions were tested. Better solubility of CBD was seen in Glucose G10. Two polymers (PVP K12 and K17) were tested. A slight solubility improvement was seen. A linear relation of solubility and PVP concentration was observed for PVP K17 solutions; however, this linearity was not seen in PVP K12 (it should be noted that a sampling problem might have happened during measurement of sample 40 during HPLC analysis). TBA showed good CBD solubility in this study which suggests it could be used as a potential solvent for a lyophilised formulation.

It was observed that whilst pure ethanol and PEG400 resulted in the highest solubility of CBD, the aqueous solutions containing different amount of ethanol and PEG400 did not result in high CBD solubility. Even though the amount of PEG400 and ethanol was increased to 50% in water, the 10 mg of CBD added did not dissolve completely. This phenomenon was probably due to the poor aqueous solubility of CBD.

Based upon the above, Applicant selected a Macrogol 15 hydroxystearate as the preferred surfactant, and investigated the effect of different antioxidants, chelating agents and isotonic agents on short term stability (1 week, 2 week and 1 month).

A number of test formulations are illustrated in Table 3 below:

TABLE 3 Solutol Disodium Ascorbic Mono- Cysteine Sample CBD HS15 NaCl Glucose Glycerol EDTA acid thloglycerol HCl Glutathione No (mg/ml) (% w/v) (% w/v) (% w/v) (% w/v) (% w/v) (% w/v) (% w/v) (% w/v) (% w/v) 1 5 5 — — — — — — — — 2 5 5 — 5 — 0.2 1 — — — 3 5 5 — 5 — 0.2 — 1 — — 4 5 5 — 5 — 0.2 — — 0.5 — 5 5 5 — 5 — 0.2 — — — 0.5 6 5 5 — 5 — 0.2 1 1 — — 7 5 5 — — 20 0.2 1 — — — 8 5 5 — — 20 0.2 — 1 — — 9 5 5 — — 20 0.2 — — 0.5 — 10 5 5 — — 20 0.2 — — — 0.5 11 5 5 — — 20 0.2 1 1 — — 12 5 5 0.9 — — — — — — —

The relative chemical stability of these formulations are shown in Tables 4 (CBD) and 5 (placebo) below which show respectively the stability of CBD as an assayed % and as a % impurity.

TABLE 4 T0 T1w T2w T1m CBD Assay % Assay % Assay % Assay % Formulation (mg/ml) (mg/ml) Assay (mg/ml) Assay (mg/ml) Assay (mg/ml) Assay Appearance 1 5.00 4.94 98.83 4.87 99.00 4.79 95.79 4.76 95.11 Clear 2 5.00 4.98 99.55 5.00 100.01 4.96 99.17 5.03 100.55 Brown 3 5.00 5.03 100.51 4.95 99.09 4.72 94.31 4.50 89.96 Clear 4 5.00 4.88 97.66 4.88 97.62 4.91 98.18 4.96 99.25 Turbid 5 5.00 5.00 100.10 4.95 99.04 5.00 100.10 5.03 100.63 Clear 6 5.00 5.03 100.58 4.92 98.43 4.72 94.32 4.46 89.12 Clear 7 5.00 4.82 96.44 5.09 101.86 4.91 98.92 4.93 98.60 Brown 8 5.00 4.90 97.96 5.08 101.52 4.69 93.74 4.50 90.07 Clear 9 5.00 4.89 97.77 5.08 101.55 5.15 103.06 4.98 99.58 Turbid 10 5.00 4.99 99.81 5.02 100.32 5.09 101.83 4.96 99.19 Clear 11 5.00 4.91 98.29 4.93 98.68 4.90 97.35 4.95 98.27 Clear 12 5.00 4.88 97.69 4.12 82.40 3.98 79.64 3.28 65.67 Clear

TABLE 5 T0 T1w T2w T1m Impurity Total Impurity % Total Impurity % Total Impurity % Total Formulation ≤0.045% impurity ≤0.045% impurity ≤0.045% impurity ≤0.045% impurity Std 0.53 0.67 0.77 0.89 0.55 0.72 0.46 0.57 1 0.81 1.03 3.67 3.81 3.39 3.54 5.92 5.96 2 0.57 0.78 0.49 0.61 0.85 0.96 1.00 1.17 3 0.54 0.76 3.03 3.11 2.66 2.75 10.87 10.89 4 0.52 0.74 0.82 1.04 1.4 1.81 1.86 1.93 5 0.46 0.71 0.54 0.67 1.21 1.4 0.61 0.73 6 2.91 3.06 8.99 9.09 8.38 8.56 15.6 15.63 7 0.46 0.7 0.47 0.57 1.18 1.37 0.57 0.68 8 0.46 0.74 1.58 1.74 3.96 4.11 9.25 9.3 9 0.47 0.74 0.82 1.06 1.16 1.41 1.81 1.85 10 1.89 2.16 0.46 0.6 1.48 1.59 8.54 0.64 11 1.82 2.07 0.47 0.59 1.08 1.25 0.56 0.62 12 0.47 0.77 11.67 11.92 17.56 17.6 25.69 25.73

The results show the best formulations are formulations 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10 and 11.

According to the HPLC data, the formulations containing the antioxidants: ascorbic acid, cysteine HCl, and glutathione showed better assay and impurity results after 1 month at 40° C. and 75% relative humidity (RH) compared to the control formulations (1, 12). The formulations 3, 6 and 8, (except for 11, which also contained ascorbic acid) containing monothioglycerol alone degraded significantly compared to the control formulation 1.

Formulation 12 which contained NaCl (as the isotonicity agent) showed the poorest stability with an assay of −66% and total impurity of −26%.

The physical stability of the formulations was also studied. The physical appearance of the active samples after storage at 40° C. and 75% RH was also monitored and the results are illustrated in Table 4. It will be noted that Formulations 2 and 7 (containing ascorbic acid alone) turned brown in colour after 1 month at 40° C. and 75% RH. These formulations were however not purged with nitrogen. This browning effect may however be due to the oxidation of the ascorbic acid itself. In contrast, Formulation 6 and 11, which contained ascorbic acid together with monothioglycerol did not discolour. Therefore there appears to be a positive protective effect seen when monothioglycerol is used in combination with ascorbic acid.

The active formulations 2 and 7 which contained ascorbic acid only did not change colour after 1 month at 40° C. and 75% RH which was probably because they were purged with N₂ for storage. This demonstrates the importance of a N₂ headspace environment in preventing oxidation. Formulation 12 turned yellow after storage while the placebo one remained clear after storage at the same condition. This indicates that this change of colour was associated with the existence of CBD with NaCl.

Both placebos and active formulations 4 and 9 became turbid after storage, which was due to the precipitation of the cysteine HCl.

A summary of the physical appearance of all placebo and active samples is shown in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Sample Placebo 40/75 Active fridge Active 40/75 1 Clear Clear-off yellow Clear-yellow 2 Brown yellow Precipitation Brown yellow 3 Clear Clear-off pink Clear 4 Turbid Turbid Turbid 5 Clear Clear-off yellow Clear-off yellow 6 Clear Clear-off pink Clear 7 Brown yellow Clear-off yellow Brown yellow/hazy 8 Clear Clear-off pink Clear to hazy 9 Turbid Hazy Hazy 10 Clear Clear-off yellow Hazy 11 Clear Clear-off yellow Hazy 12 Clear Clear-yellow Clear-yellow

A summary of both the chemical and physical stability of the active formulations is shown in Table 7.

TABLE 7 Assay Impurity % Total Physical Formulation (mg/ml) % Assay ≤0.045% Impurity appearance 1 4.76 95.11 5.92 5.96 Clear-yellow 2 5.03 100.55 1.09 1.17 Brown yellow 3 4.5 89.96 10.87 10.89 Clear 4 4.96 99.25 1.88 1.93 Turbid 5 5.03 100.62 0.61 0.73 Clear-off yellow 6 4.46 89.12 15.6 15.63 Clear 7 4.93 98.5 0.57 0.68 Brown yellow/hazy 8 4.5 90.07 9.25 9.3 Clear to hazy 9 4.96 99.58 1.81 1.86 White hazy 10 4.96 99.19 0.58 0.64 White hazy 11 4.91 98.27 0.56 0.62 White hazy 12 3.28 65.67 25.69 20.79 Clear-yellow

Conclusions

Macrogol 15 Hydroxystearate (e.g. Solutol HS15) as a surfactant was very effective at improving the solubility of CBD in water.

A number of antioxidants significantly improved the chemical stability of the formulations. The use of glutathione alone or ascorbic acid and monothioglycerol exhibit significantly improved both chemical and physical stability. Cysteine HCl also showed good chemical stability, however, precipitation of cysteine HCl was seen after storage.

Glycerol and glucose, but not sodium chloride, appeared to be the best isotonicity agents.

Based on the above the Applicant sought to optimise Formulation 11, with the intent of using the lowest amounts of stabilizing excipients to obtain a cannabinoid containing formulation with on osmolarity of approximately 300 mOsMol/Kg (range 200 to 400) exhibiting long term stability testing (1 year plus) without refrigeration. The optimized formulation is shown in Example 1.

Example 1: Optimised Formulation

Table 8 below illustrates the most preferred formulation where the API is cannabidiol (CBD).

TABLE 8 Product/Raw Broad Intermediate material Generic range range Quantity CBD or CBDV Cannabinoid 0.3-50 1-7 3 mg/mL (CBD) or 5 mg/mL (CBDV) Macrogol 15 Surfactant   5-500  10-100 50 mg/mL hydroxystearate Ph Eur (Kolliphor HS15) Glycerol Ph Eur Isotonic   5-50 10-30 20 mg/mL agent Sodium calcium Stability 0.1-10 0.5-5    1 mg/mL edetate Ph Eur enhancer Ascorbic acid Ph Stability 0.5-10 1-5  2 mg/mL Eur enhancer 1-Thioglycerol USP Stability 0.5-10 1-5  2 mg/mL enhancer Water for Injection Solvent Q.S to Q.S to Q.S to Ph Eur (1000 mL volume volume volume sterile pack)

Method of Manufacture

The preferred formulation (Table 8 above) was prepared as per the steps indicated below:

-   -   1. Heat Kolliphor HS15 to about 40° in an oven;     -   2. Heat water to 60° C. in an oven;     -   3. Weigh required amount of Kolliphor HS15 into a first         container, ensuring no solidification of the Kolliphor HS15         occurs. Add CBD and stir maintaining a temperature of 60° C.         Place back in the oven;     -   4. In a second container weigh the required amount of Glycerol         and monothioglycerol. Add 25% of the final volume of pre heated         water;     -   5. Then add the calcium disodium EDTA and ascorbic acid. Mix         until fully dissolved then place back in the oven at 60° C.     -   6. Add the content of the second container drop by drop to the         first container whilst constantly stirring to prevent         solidification; and     -   7. Q-s to volume using desired vessel and mix without         introduction of bubbles and air.

The formulation may then be spray dried or lyophilized such that it may be stored for a longer period. Such spray dried formulations could then be rehydrated with a sugar solution in order to provide the formulation in a different administration form or as a parenteral formulation.

The formulation of Example 1 was subjected to long term stability testing as set out in Experiment 1 below:

Experiment 1—Long Term Stability Study

This stability study was conducted on 1 batch of the IV formulation. The batch used was manufactured using a 1 L pilot scale manufacture and batch size, at GW Pharma Ltd. The batch was sub-divided (batches A-E, Table 9) to provide sufficient samples for the different storage conditions and time-points. A placebo in a clear glass vial was put alongside this study.

TABLE 9 Batch Description A Type I clear glass vial nitrogen purged (Active) B Type I amber glass vial nitrogen purged (Active) C Type I clear glass vial NO nitrogen purge (Active) D Type I amber glass vial NO nitrogen purge (Active) E Type I clear glass vial nitrogen purged (Placebo) F (CBDV) Type I clear glass vial nitrogen purged (Active)

The objective was to assess the long term stability (at least 12 months) of the formulation. Stoppers were gamma irradiated as per sterile manufacture and all vials containing the formulation were inverted and stored at different storage conditions (temperature and humidity—as per Table 10) to determine whether any potential extractables or leachables were present. The study stressed the formulation at 60° C. to accelerate any possible extractables or leachables that may occur.

TABLE 10    5 ± 3° C. 25 ± 2° C., 60% RH 30 ± 2° C., 65% RH 40 ± 2° C., 75% RH

Results

Batch A—an Temperatures

Overall throughout the 24 month study period there was no significant decrease in CBD content or pH of the samples as illustrated in Table 11. The formation of the degradant OH-CBD over various temperature and humidity conditions can be considered as an increasing trend of temperature as the results demonstrate that the increase in temperature 5-30° C. over 24 months is causing an increase in OH-CBD formation.

The degradants are below the acceptable limit. In terms of any extractables and leachables from the product stored inverted, there has been no detection or any anomalous peaks forming.

Batch A includes a nitrogen headspace sparge and the use of a clear glass vial and demonstrates acceptable stability over time.

Batch B—all Temperatures

Batch B has been tested to determine any differences between amber glass and clear glass vials and the results are shown in Table 12. The data showed no degradation or significant differences between storing in amber or clear glass vials.

Batch C—all Temperatures

Batch C has been tested at the same intervals as Batch A to determine any differences between nitrogen headspace sparging of the IV product and the results are shown in Table 13. A basic visual appearance test shows significant differences where batch C at the 6 month time point at 30° C. and 40° C. is it shows a yellowing of the solution which is also evident at the 9 and 12 month timepoint. Furthermore with the increase in temperature, 5-40° C. over 6 months, there is a decrease in the pH to <4. Furthermore as the temperature increases there is a rapid rise in the formation of OH-CBD compared to batch A which has had the nitrogen headspace sparge. A glance at the chromatography has also shown that all temperatures within Batch C have very rough baselines and degradation products are more prevalent than in Batch A suggesting that a headspace sparge is required for the stability of this product.

Batch D—all Temperatures

Batch D has been tested at the to determine any differences between amber glass and clear glass vials without the nitrogen headspace sparge in addition to comparing it to the corresponding purged sample in batch B. The results are shown in Table 14. The data shows that non-sparging the formulation, even within an amber glass vial, results in an increase in degredation. In general an overall trend comparing actives containing a nitrogen sparge maintains the pH of the solution >4 units compared to non-sparging which results in the pH decreasing <4 units.

Batch E—all Temperatures

Batch E has been tested at the same intervals as Batch A and C to determine any placebo effects and interferences if any to the active IV product. The results are shown in Table 15. The placebo profile shows no degradation products. However increasing temperature from 5-40° C. results in the pH falling below 4. The placebo (Batch E) at 40° C. at the 6 month time point has shown cloudiness suggesting that the active (Batch A and C) is potentially stabilising the placebo formulation. Furthermore, at the 5° C. condition the 12 month timepoint shows placebo formulation showing cloudiness, which is not observed in Batch A or C at the 5° C. condition.

CBDV—all Temperatures

Overall throughout the 12 month study period there was no significant decrease in CBDV content or pH of the samples as illustrated in Table 16. The formation of the degradant OH-CBDV or THCV over various temperature and humidity conditions can be considered as an increasing trend of temperature as the results demonstrate that the increase in temperature 5-40° C. over 12 months is causing an increase in degredant formation.

Extrapolation to 18 months shows that the degradants will still be below the acceptable limit. In terms of any extractables and leachables from the product stored inverted, there has been no detection or any anomalous peaks forming.

TABLE 11 Comments (Batch A) 5° C. 25° C. 30° C. 40° C. Test Acceptance criteria Initial (12 months) (12 months) (12 months) (12 months) Appearance of Clear solution free Complies Complies Complies Complies Complies Solution from particulates pH >3.5 4.04 4.01 4.08 3.95 4.13 CBD Content (%) Within ±3% of initial 100.0 100.6 101.1 101.3 102.3 Degradants (% of CBD content) CBE I NMT 1.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 OH-CBD NMT 1.0% 0.05 0.05 0.09 0.14 0.25 Individual Monitor Above 0.1% RRT 1.90: 0.08 RRT 1.90: 0.08 RRT 1.90: 0.09 RRT 1.90: 0.11 RRT 1.90: 0.17 unspecified degradants Odour For Information Only Sulphurous/ A faint sulphurous A sulphurous smell A sulphurous smell A faint sulphurous egg smell smell smell Comments (Batch A) 5° C. 25° C. 30° C. Test Acceptance criteria Initial (24 months) (24 months) (24 months) Appearance of Clear solution free Complies Complies Complies Complies Solution from particulates pH >3.5 4.04 3.94 4.02 3.85 CBD Content (%) Within ±3% of initial 100.0 97.6 97.3 96.8 Degradants (% of CBD content) CBE I NMT 1.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 OH-CBD NMT 1.0% 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.14 Individual Monitor Above 0.1% RRT 1.90: 0.08 RRT 1.90: 0.08 RRT 1.90: 0.09 RRT 1.90: 0.11 unspecified degradants Odour For Information Only Sulphurous/ A sulphurous smell A sulphurous smell A sulphurous smell egg smell

TABLE 12 Comments (Batch B) 5° C. 25° C. 30° C. 40° C. Test Acceptance criteria Initial (12 months) (12 months) (12 months) (12 months) Appearance of Clear solution free Complies Complies Complies Complies Cloudy colourless Solution from particulates solution pH >3.5 4.04 3.89 3.90 4.05 4.05 CBD Content (%) Within ±3% of initial 100.0 99.5 99.5 100.1 100.3 Degradants (% of CBD content) CBE I NMT 1.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 OH-CBD NMT 1.0% 0.07 0.05 0.09 0.13 0.24 Individual Monitor Above 0.1% RRT 1.90: 0.07 RRT 1.90: 0.03 RRT 1.90: 0.07 RRT 1.90: 0.09 RRT 1.90: 0.13 unspecified degradants Odour For Information Only Sulphurous/ A sulphurous smell A sulphurous smell A sulphurous smell A sulphurous smell egg smell >5° C. Comments (Batch B) 5° C. 25° C. 30° C. Test Acceptance criteria Initial (24 months) (24 months) (24 months) Appearance of Clear solution free Complies Complies Complies Complies Solution from particulates pH >3.5 4.04 3.89 3.85 4.12 CBD Content (%) Within ±3% of initial 100.0 97.4 97.9 98.2 Degradants (% of CBD content) CBE I NMT 1.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 OH-CBD NMT 1.0% 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.1 Individual Monitor Above 0.1% RRT 1.90: 0.08 RRT 1.90: 0.08 RRT 1.90: 0.09 RRT 1.90: 0.11 unspecified degradants Odour For Information Only Sulphurous/ A sulphurous smell A sulphurous smell A sulphurous smell egg smell

TABLE 13 Comments (Batch C) 5° C. 25° C. 30° C. 40° C. Test Acceptance criteria Initial (12 months) (12 months) (12 months) (12 months) Appearance of Clear solution free Complies Complies Complies Clear faint Cloudy yellow Solution from particulates yellow liquid solution pH >3.5 4.05 3.95 3.81 3.82 3.79 CBD Content (%) Within ±3% of initial 100.0 101.2 100.9 100.1 97.3 Degradants (% of CBD content) CBE I NMT 1.0% 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.26 OH-CBD NMT 1.0% 0.07 0.06 0.11 0.15 0.37 Individual Monitor Above 0.1% RRT 1.90: 0.06 RRT 1.90: 0.08 RRT 1.90: 0.06 RRT 1.90: 0.12 RRT 1.90: 0.21 unspecified RRT 1.97: 0.13 degradants Odour For Information Only Sulphurous/ A sulphurous smell A sulphurous smell A sulphurous smell A sulphurous smell egg smell >25° C. Comments (Batch C) 5° C. 25° C. 30° C. Test Acceptance criteria Initial (24 months) (24 months) (24 months) Appearance of Clear solution free Complies Complies Complies Complies Solution from particulates pH >3.5 4.04 3.88 3.85 3.83 CBD Content (%) Within ±3% of initial 100.0 97.0 95.8 95.2 Degradants (% of CBD content) CBE I NMT 1.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 OH-CBD NMT 1.0% 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.14 Individual Monitor Above 0.1% RRT 1.90: 0.08 RRT 1.90: 0.08 RRT 1.90: 0.09 RRT 1.90: 0.11 unspecified degradants Odour For Information Only Sulphurous/ A sulphurous smell A sulphurous smell A sulphurous smell egg smell

TABLE 14 Comments (Batch D) 5° C. 25° C. 30° C. 40° C. Test Acceptance criteria Initial (12 months) (12 months) (12 months) (12 months) Appearance of Clear solution free Complies Complies Complies Complies Cloudy, Solution from particulates (yellow solution) (yellow solution) yellow solution free from particulates pH >3.5 4.05 3.82 3.69 3.71 3.74 CBD Content (%) Within ±3% of initial 100.0 100.1 100.6 100.1 97.0 Degradants (% of CBD content) CBE I NMT 1.0% 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.07 0.17 OH-CBD NMT 1.0% 0.07 0.06 0.12 0.17 0.43 Individual Monitor Above 0.1% RRT 1.90: 0.06 RRT 1.90: 0.07 RRT 1.90: 0.08 RRT 1.90: 0.09 RRT 1.90: 0.24 unspecified RRT 0.46: 0.03 degradants Odour For Information Only Sulphurous/ A faint sulphurous A faint sulphurous A faint sulphurous A sulphurous egg smell smell smell smell disappeared after 15 minutes Comments (Batch D) 5° C. 25° C. 30° C. Test Acceptance criteria Initial (24 months) (24 months) (24 months) Appearance of Clear solution free Complies Complies Complies Complies Solution from particulates pH >3.5 4.04 3.9 3.85 3.85 CBD Content (%) Within ±3% of initial 100.0 97.6 95.8 95.9 Degradants (% of CBD content) CBE I NMT 1.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 OH-CBD NMT 1.0% 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.34 Individual Monitor Above 0.1% RRT 1.90: 0.08 RRT 1.90: 0.08 RRT 1.90: 0.09 RRT 1.90: 0.11 unspecified degradants Odour For Information Only Sulphurous/egg A faint sulphurous A sulphurous smell A faint sulphurous smell smell smell

TABLE 15 Comments (Batch E) 5° C. 25° C. 30° C. 40° C. Test Acceptance criteria Initial (12 months) (12 months) (12 months) (12 months) Appearance of Clear solution free Complies Cloudy colourless Complies Complies Cloudy colourless Solution from particulates liquid liquid pH >3.5 4.10 3.96 3.86 3.98 4.05 CBD Content (%) Within ±3% of initial N/D N/A N/A N/A N/A Degradants (% of CBD content) CBE I NMT 1.0% N/D N/A N/A N/A N/A OH-CBD NMT 1.0% N/D N/A N/A N/A N/A Individual Monitor Above 0.1% N/D N/A N/A N/A N/A unspecified degradants Odour For Information Only Sulphurous/ A faint A faint A sulphurous smell A sulphurous smell egg smell sulphurous smell sulphurous smell >30° C. Comments (Batch E) 5° C. 25° C. 30° C. Test Acceptance criteria Initial (24 months) (24 months) (24 months) Appearance of Clear solution free Complies Complies Complies Complies Solution from particulates pH >3.5 4.04 4.11 4.02 4.01 CBD Content (%) Within ±3% of initial N/D N/D N/D N/D Degradants (% of CBD content) CBE I NMT 1.0% N/D N/D N/D N/D OH-CBD NMT 1.0% N/D N/D N/D N/D Individual Monitor Above 0.1% N/D N/D N/D N/D unspecified degradants Odour For Information Only Sulphurous/ A sulphurous smell A sulphurous smell A sulphurous smell egg smell

TABLE 16 Batch F (CBDV) 5° C. 25° C. 30° C. 40° C. Test Acceptance criteria Initial (12 months) (12 months) (12 months) (12 months) Appearance of Clear solution free Complies Complies Complies Complies Complies Solution from particulates pH >3.5 4.15 3.99 4.06 4.04 4.06 CBDV Content (%) Within ±5% of initial 100.0 100.4 100.9 99.9 99.5 CBD 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 CBD-4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Degradants (% of CBDV content) CBE I NMT 0.5% <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 OH-CBD NMT 0.5% <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5

Conclusions

Batches A and F provides a shelf life based on the decision tree for evaluation of stability data (ICH guidelines) extended to 24 months.

Batch E is the corresponding placebo to Batch A and supports a store below 25° C. label.

As this product is intended for use in Climatic Zones I and II the intermediate condition will be used for assigning the shelf life based on the ICH decision tree.

Data for this formulation can support for an active formulation:

-   -   Climatic Zone I and II—24 months—Store below 25° C.     -   Climatic Zone III and IV—12 month—Store below 30° C.

In addition to the Stability study the formulation underwent a number of additional studies the results of which are set out below:

Experiment 2

Filtration Compatibility Study

A pre and post filtration study was carried out on the active and Placebo formulations.

The IV solution undergoes a bioburden reduction step after manufacture of the solution prior to filling using a Merck Millipore gold pack PVDF 0.22 μm filter. To determine compatibility of this filter a pre and post filtration sample was collected for both active and placebo batches. Assay, appearance, odour and pH was tested and the data is presented in Table 17.

TABLE 17 Post Test Pre filtration filtration Pre filtration Post filtration Description Active Active Placebo Placebo Appearance Clear Clear Clear Clear colourless colourless colourless colourless solution free solution free solution free solution free from from from from particulates particulates particulates particulates pH 4.05 4.01 4.08 4.12 Assay (CBD 3.0 mg/mL 3.0 mg/mL ND ND content) Degradants No change No change No change No change Odour Faint egg like Faint egg like Faint egg like Faint egg like odour odour odour odour

Results from the pre and post filtration study demonstrates that the CBD IV solution and placebo are compatible with the tubing and filter used.

Experiment 3

Pilot Photostability Testing

A sample of placebo and active was prepared and packaged in 20 mL clear glass vials containing the IV solution. Two vials of active and two vials of placebo were subjected to a minimum of 1.2 million Lux hours as part of ICH Q1B testing. Additional vials were wrapped in foil as the control for the study.

Results

The experiment demonstrated no differences in appearance, pH, assay, degradants and odour between the control and test samples when exposed to 1.2 million Lux hours and the data is presented in Table 18.

TABLE 18 Test Control Description Control Active Placebo Placebo Appearance Clear Clear Clear Clear solution solution free solution free solution free free from from from from particulates particulates particulates particulates pH 3.91 3.89 3.86 3.86 Assay (CBD 3.0 mg/mL 3.0 mg/mL ND ND content) Degradants No change No change No change No change Odour Faint egg Faint egg like Faint egg like Faint egg like like odour odour odour odour slightly slightly stronger than stronger control than control

The solution throughout the study remained clear and free from particulates with a pH for both active and placebo of 3.9 with and without foil. The assay results show no significant differences between the exposed vial and the control vial wrapped in foil.

Conclusion

The product is not sensitive to light and a clear glass vial is suitable for storage and presentation of the CBD IV and Placebo solution.

Experiment 4

Compatibility in 5% Glucose Diluent

The proposed method of delivery for e.g. an IV product for neonatal hypoxia is slow bolus injection (Potentially via a catheter).

To test compatibility with a diluent, 30 mL of a 3 mg/mL CBD solution (90 mg) was injected into a 500 mL 5% glucose infusion bag and left for a period of 24 hours at ambient to determine any physical or chemical incompatibility.

5 mL samples were removed from the infusion bag using a 5 mL syringe on the outlet valve at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 24 hours after injection. At each time point the bag was inspected under a polarised light box to check for any precipitation. The results are illustrated in Table 19 below.

TABLE 19 0 0.5 1 2 4 24 CBD (calculated mg/mL) 0.163 0.163 0.164 0.164 0.164 0.164 Appearance (Clear Complies Complies Complies Complies Complies Complies solution free from particulates)

At all time points the solution remained clear and free from particulates. There was some residual volume in the syringe and the needle that may account for the mass balance. CBD IV solution is compatible with glucose 5% for a period of 24 hours tested.

Conclusion

The rationale for the 5% glucose infusion bag stems from the properties being very similar to the IV formulation with a pH of approximately 4 and an osmolality of close to 300 (maintaining isotonicity).

CBD IV solution is compatible with glucose 5% for a period of 24 hours tested. In addition, the pH remains unchanged over the 24 hour period and maintains pH of the glucose infusion bag of approx. 4.2.

Experiment 5

Particle Size

The preferred formulation was tested on a Malvern Zetasizer in order to measure the particle size of the micelles produced by the formulation.

Table 20 below details the average size of the particles of four batches of the formulation. As can be seen the particle size of all formulations is very consistent. All batches were shown to produce average micelle size of less than 20 nanometers. Such particle size may be important to enable faster uptake of the active agent into cells.

TABLE 20 Date of Date of Z-Average Sample Details Manufacture Testing (d · nm) 3 mg/mL CBD IV 15 Dec. 2015 11 May 2017 15.03 3 mg/mL CBD IV DSP- 22 Sep. 2014 5 May 2017 17.02 14 Sep. 2001 25° C. 3 mg/mL CBD IV DSP- 15 Apr. 2015 19 Apr. 2017 15.45 15 Jun. 2001 25° C. 3 mg/mL CBD IV 3 Jun. 2015 3 May 2017 15.37 

1.-47. (canceled)
 48. A method of preparing an aqueous parenteral formulation comprising a cannabinoid, an isotonic agent, a non-ionic surfactant, and one or more stability enhancers, the method comprising: preparing a stock solution of the cannabinoid and the non-ionic surfactant; preparing an aqueous solution comprising the isotonic agent and the one or more stability enhancers; and adding the aqueous solution to the stock solution of the cannabinoid and the surfactant, wherein the isotonic agent comprises glucose, polyethylene glycol, glycerol, or a combination thereof.
 49. The method of claim 48, wherein the cannabinoid comprises cannabichromene (CBC), cannabichromenic acid (CBCV), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabidivarin (CBDV), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabigerol propyl variant (CBGV), cannabicyclol (CBL), cannabinol (CBN), cannabinol propyl variant (CBNV), cannabitriol (CBO), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid (THCVA), or a combination thereof.
 50. The method of claim 48, wherein the cannabinoid comprises CBD or CBDV.
 51. The method of claim 48, the cannabinoid is present in an amount ranging from about 0.3 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL.
 52. The method of claim 48, wherein the isotonic agent is present in an amount ranging from about 5 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL.
 53. The method of claim 48, wherein the one or more stability enhancers comprise ascorbic acid, monothioglycerol, cysteine HCl, glutathione, disodium EDTA, calcium disodium EDTA, or a combination thereof.
 54. The method of claim 48, wherein the one or more stability enhancers is present in an amount ranging from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 10 mg/mL.
 55. The method of claim 48, wherein the cannabinoid comprises CBD or CBDV; the non-ionic surfactant comprises macrogol 15 hydroxystearate; the isotonic agent comprises glycerol; and the one or more stability enhancers comprise ascorbic acid, monothioglycerol, calcium disodium EDTA, or a combination thereof.
 56. The method of claim 48, further comprising: heating the non-ionic surfactant; heating the cannabinoid; and then adding the heating cannabinoid to the heated non-ionic surfactant to form the stock solution of the cannabinoid and the non-ionic surfactant.
 57. The method of claim 56, further comprising: preparing an aqueous solution comprising the one or more stability enhancers; and combining the aqueous solution with the stock solution of the cannabinoid and the non-ionic surfactant.
 58. The method of claim 48, wherein the cannabinoid comprises CBD or CBDV, the surfactant comprises macrogol 15 hydroxystearate, the isotonic agent comprises glycerol, and the one or more stability enhancers comprise ascorbic acid, monothioglycerol, or calcium disodium EDTA, or a combination thereof; and the method further comprises: generating a solution of CBD or CBDV in macrogol 15 hydroxystearate by heating the macrogol 15 hydroxystearate to about 40° C.; and adding the CBD or CBDV at about 60° C. to the macrogol 15 hydroxystearate; generating an aqueous solution by sparging the water with nitrogen; heating the water to about 60° C.; and adding the glycerol, monothioglycerol, EDTA and ascorbic acid to the water; and slowly adding to the solution of CBD in Macrogol 15 hydroxystearate to the aqueous solution.
 59. The method of claim 48, wherein the aqueous parenteral formulation is sterilized by filtration.
 60. The method of claim 59, wherein the aqueous parenteral formulation is aseptically filled into a vial, ampule, syringe, infusion bag or other container.
 61. The method of claim 60, wherein the process is performed in a 4-glove general purpose filling isolator under nitrogen. 